Woman Wearing Short Shorts

A loop in the loop: Annex. Andre Prudhommeaux

ORDER REIGNS IN GERMANY

The record of twelve years' Bolshevization "
the German proletariat

I. MAX VAN DER HOLZ At LUBBE

The man who found the German workers after losing touch for several years can not be that frightened by the progress to reverse the ideology and initiative among the masses even the most radicalized of this country. It seems that the continuous development of passivity and bewilderment among the people or the effect of the slow release of deadly poison. This slow transformation it is possible that German did not notice. But the stranger is only a better position to evaluate their effects and to disentangle the causes, too familiar, perhaps too everyday to be spotted up close.

In March 1921, central Germany was stirred by the deep shock of civil war (s). There, hunted, hungry, but not defeated, the revolutionary vanguard led a heroic guerilla face armored cars and bomb thrower of Severing (2), deal with mercenaries Schupo. The support of the working population, who armed them, and hid them with information of his best, was their only asset in the face of triumphant reaction. And yet they kept her in check, making them blow for blow, blood for blood, fire for fire, expropriation expropriation. Was the passivity of other parts of Germany, they might be defeated, with the fulcrum of the Lena-Werke, the giant factory of chemical trust IG Farben, which had been occupied by his thousands of armed workers and had returned a moment against the class enemy's formidable industrial power! ...

In the end, the brave fighters of KAP (3), including the mobilization of solidarity around the insurgents had been immediate and unqualified, were crushed, and henchmen the German bourgeoisie had the pleasure to capture the man they called their leader. Max Holz, "General Red," a man of courage and initiative (4). He was dragged before the courts and branded as a murderer, arsonist and robber by a bourgeoisie which still gave his name only colic. His attitude was unwavering and we'll some day the text of the indictment which he struck from the top of the "bench of infamy" in which he was shackled, the company he was the enemy. Suffice it to say that her haughty attitude, the threat that his name was still surrounded by the solidarity of the proletariat spared him the death penalty. He was sentenced to prison. The Communist Party (Third International), which was far from having played a brilliant role in an action he had carelessly pulled without being able to do well, at least hastened to greet Max Holz, a member of the organization slandered as "communists workers (antiparliamentarianism spontaneists), a wrestler authentic proletarian, as disinterested as energetic and worthy of becoming a symbol of working class resistance.
The party leadership even employed the benefits assured him inexhaustible funds and a comprehensive network of legal organizations to acquired the monopoly of a public opinion campaign conducted around Max Holz and suborn morally glorious convict who, upon release, there are three or four years, joined the Moscow International.

* * *

Between Max Holz internment and his release, the PC had crossed German all the distance that separates a party still young - torn between the base and top, stiff competition from the far-left organizations, and stirred the most diverse tendencies - social democracy and a number two hierarchical caporalisée from base to summit, closely integrated into national policy, in bourgeois legality in the parliamentary system and union of the German state. Now, the only offensive action which had the PCA, the strong sympathy of millions of petty bourgeois nationalists, thousands of officials and countless schupos Russophile was the offensive shot ballots, with the bunting " great Red Berlin "and big band parades in all the boulevards and parks granted for that purpose by the police . It was up to rotate the electoral liberalism with maximum firmness against any strike, demonstration or mobilization prohibited, and as the direction of PCA workers was a sacred duty to respect these legal limits, it was easy for the government to restrict them at will, by decrees-laws, until complete suppression of the masses. The only requirement for this was the maintenance of discipline "Bolshevik" on elements radicalized working class, and this condition, with rare exceptions, found himself generally satisfied.

In some cases, however, the pressure economic and political dictatorship of the bourgeoisie was so brutal, so provocative, the situation made the workers so intolerable that the direction of movement escaped the party cadres: it occurred in armed conflicts, resort to direct action. Mercenaries von Papen, Hitler and Seldte learned to their cost, as well as the directors of the company, the Berlin public transport, how German workers frustrated, united in a front of class on top parties and determined to finish, can be dangerous for the massive columns of fascist murderers, for squads schupos and weighing equipment for trams and buses operating under the state protection. Finally, it was the sudden awakening of Altona, Breslau and Cologne, spewing shrapnel windows, barricades summary, whole neighborhoods of defending themselves with blows cylinders with strokes of bricks, broken chair shots against the invasion of "brown plague" or cons of the Cossacks Zorgiebel (5). Isolated resistance movements alas, no future!

What was the role of the Communist Party and its annexes, legal or not, these spontaneous outbursts of revolt? Absolutely zero, when was not negative. Without doubt, party members have played a commendable role. But it was to incur the wrath of either central or local officials. Even after Heinz Neumann (6), which was to result from his position as degummed ideological leader of Bolshevism, German had, unwisely let slip this advice to his troops: "Strike the enemy wherever you find it" acts resistance or retaliation opposed by workers isolated the fascist-terror police were ruthlessly suppressed in the party and its dependencies. It did more: when a wire report announced some breaks in the police camp and the reaction, the Communist press, without undertaking any investigation, put the case on the back of provocation and called once again to the working class to fight above all against its own leaders, against his own fighting against the "anarchist methods, and in general against any activity not ordered, directed and supervised by the party.

(To be continued ...)

The Libertarian n'390 17-24 March 1933

One lock was opened periodically to the initiative, the burning desire to share, compressed all the potentialities of the mass agitation election. Then, by a tacit agreement between the government and the "party of the working masses," was given complete freedom to deploy emblems, symbols, posters, and parades monsters. An orgy of red bunting stretched on the facades of houses. An orgy of red paint smeared walls, roadways and sidewalks; leaflets and newspapers littered land, in such quantity that had centuplicate teams municipal sweepers. Propaganda, with its brochures and speeches in the open air daily invaded every street, every court, every workshop, every worker's house. Trunks election! Catwalks election, four by four, and not in uniform rows impeccable pivoting on themselves at every turn, street banners and trumpets in the wind! Election meetings, which poured hundreds of thousands, tens of thousands of extras in costume, and then dissipated without a cry, without a gesture, after an orgy of proclamations, oaths and revolutionary songs ! Prodigies of organization, the festivals, exhibitions of these songs allegorical, these choirs talking on trucks plying the streets of cities, these propagandists teams traveling to the remotest corners of the country! Wonders of illusion, the nervous wait for success, who was standing, days and nights without respite, countless unemployed hungry, which raised hopes of a young fanatic, ready to give his last penny his last bite of bread, the last beat of his heart for the triumph of his party, his "worldview" of his lucky number (the parties at election time are designated by numbers), the last hope she put in his life, his faith in a leader, an ideal, in any one hello! Who has not seen waving German communism during elections will never understand how this imaginary battle in a people-loving mystic and discipline can be a psychological equivalent a repetition a substitute for revolution . This is where discharge of Saturnalia militaristic demagogy the need for collective action, self-fulfillment vital, revolt torrential crashing for years in the heart of the German masses. Without elections, the safety valve of the dictatorship, the explosion would be nearly fifteen years since the devil sent the German bourgeoisie (7).

But social democracy and Marxist lassalienne has not done anything for the people suffering German worker seventy-five years of profitable training policy. The anti-parliamentarism, son of Spartakists Berlin and Munich Communists, are not heard and never less than at election time. They lack now bold enough to oppose the parliamentary methods other effective methods, apply immediately. They expect that the masses have exhausted the disillusionment of parliamentarism, while six ministerial crises and presidential elections, triggering one after six hysterical election have only deepened so incredible and arbitrary power and central the participation elections (which is almost 100%)! They do not understand that if the German workers rushed behind the first "big head" come and drop a strike class like Berlin Transportation, to throw against each other and run to the polls, not because they can wait long still social change but because they are too busy , and that 'There's nobody to show them today shortest path as the famous revolutionary "four year plan" of Adolf Hitler - which leaves far behind the five-year plan Stalinist-Soviet!

Yet there is one, one anarchists and rebels illiterate suburbs and countryside English show currently oppressed throughout Europe : direct control and expropriating insurgency, the work of individuals, then groups, then the masses, acting under their own control, with formulations and routes strictly necessary, but out of all responsible party. This struggle is the only one that can make two strokes for one, paralyze the reaction, even when it does not lead to revolutionary victory, led astray by the police rage mobility elusive educate the working classes by example by direct collaboration of avant-garde and populations oppressed learn to tolerate their subversive activity, then to admit it, then promote it, and then to participate and to conduct their own account, efficiently repair the breaches and losses (also relatively small: 200 men for the whole of Spain after two years of struggle, in fifteen days, the German Spartakists too "disciplined" have lost 15 000 men) and finally, prepare the necessary moral strength to the advent of a society "where the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all" (Marx).

Max Holz was among those who have paved the road to the emancipation of the individual life subversive is indeed the condition of the emancipation of the masses. But where are the Max Holz from Germany of to-date? In Hitler's Storm Troopers, where many have failed proletarians lost, disgusted by the inaction of the criminal Marxist? In the Communist Party where they are held tightly clamped, preferably for release on opponents of the party on social workers, or even Hitler on occasions, the fate of which will not be interested, and for good reason, neither the police nor the brown house (8)? In cemeteries where extensive already so many brave hearts who fought for revolution? In the lowland area of Alexanderplatz in the slums of Hamburg, where their lives off-the-law fails in the sickening brutality of the brothel and the tavern? Without doubt, a lot, reading the daily news "victorious resistance" of the German Communist Party, where one sees qu'arrestations obligingly listed, local party occupied without firing a shot, killing workers executed without risk, made looting in cold blood, fire houses for workers, organizations and entire assemblies disposed in a single block in prison, addresses and seizures of illegal material in the tens of tons, suppression of newspapers, and decrees Suppression of accumulating on the arbitrary acts of terrorism and - yes, without doubt, many activists feel energetic disarmed, disgraced and desperate, by the general inertia, by that of their party. They think: "There is nothing more to do," and it is with a rictus of despair they read in the press "communist" how the member Torgler "voluntarily went to jail for them to stop, accompanied by his lawyer, the Social Democratic Rosenfeld (9)", or how the Soviet Embassy "has obtained the police" (Hitler) that it comes to protecting the lives of Soviet citizens, immigrants against the fury of Fascists (Nazis), "gesture that, from the Interior Ministry, was a mere comedy" (sic) ... Perhaps they wonder if it is not in the true interests of "public order" that Hitler still gives a legal status to the Communist Party and some of its press, just as it continues to rely on Parliament.

(To be continued ...)
The Libertarian n'391 24-31 March 1933

In the middle of inconceivable passivity of leftist parties in the general rout of labor organizations, while the Communist workers terrorized by raids by fascists and the psychosis of "provocation" stood bec - sounds suddenly the news: "The Reichstag burns ! And despite all the overwhelming Education Printed in brain proletarian state and party discipline, many hearts began to beat faster. Finally something! A response, a sign, a gesture of defiance! ...

Soon after, all Europe learned that a young man with no jacket and no shirt was arrested as he was coming from the Reichstag. He was provided with a Dutch passport in the name of Marinus van der Lubbe and an old map of the Communist Party of Holland (10). He claimed to have ceased all dealings with the International Moscow for several years and joined At this time a group of groundbreaking studies, the Group of International Communists. But he had acted alone, "without anyone having been inspired or her project," and the phone that had guided him was "hatred of international capitalism." These statements were made, added some leaves, "with calm and clarity even more impressive that the order had been very visibly mistreated during his arrest and had expected much worse." The press commentary added that the fire was caused by six or seven different households consisting of buffers Lubbe of cloth torn from his clothes and soaked with oil. The chamber had been completely destroyed despite the efforts of firefighters.

only remained, untouched by the flames and making vis-à-vis, a statue of Kaiser Wilhelm and a black Republican flag, red, gold, twin deities this sanctuary disinfected German parliamentarism. What the press does not say, panic fierce ruling classes. Convinced that this gesture was the signal for a series other attacks, and finally a general revolt of the masses, the masters of the fascist countries threw themselves headlong into action without repression. Even their shadows the disturbed and they were able to argue that imprisoning pell-mell Catholics, socialists, communists, intellectuals and workers.

The popular triumph which had surrounded the advent of Hitler and his forthcoming plebiscite in advance unmasked as a vulgar parody. The party of the massacre is revealed in all its repulsive nakedness, and Hugenberg himself should recognize "Goering was completely crazy. "

Unfortunately, the performance by the workers' parties, by the parties" Marxist "was hardly less repugnant. Far from feeding the flame of rebellion and to build on the universal condemnation that the party was surrounded massacre to play their all weapons in hand, the "Marxist" did everything to see the same denial in "act of vandalism" against the Reichstag and to lay the entire responsibility for enforcement on the shoulders of "provocative Van der Lubbe"! Psychosis of provocation, an instant broken and resumed his sway over the masses. Of armed resistance, there was no question, the general watchword was: "Save yourselves! "In Germany, the absurd refrain was repeated step by step through all the leaves from left: Van der Lubbe," camouflaged Nazi ", acted to undermine" the electoral success "of the democratic parties on March 6 and to legitimize repression against the German proletariat. Nobody seemed Advise one of this: there is one thing that can "legitimize" reaction that struck today in Germany, and is precisely the passivity and apathy with which the parties "Marxist" bowed over ten years in all of this kicks same reaction.

* * *

It was very pleased indeed that Van der Lubbe found himself there to endorse all the crimes of all German parties. The "crime Reichstag and became the crime of crimes, the sin from which all appear as white as snow. The Nazi party has Lubbe as the instigator of a plan of destruction by fire, killing and poisoning, which in itself sums up all the "conspiracies Bolsheviks' past, present and future. The Communist Party Lubbe burden of responsibility for all crimes committed by the reaction of the workers and activists "Marxist", since these crimes were "caused by it" . Therefore, the Nazis are more guilty than on their supposed relations with Van der Lubbe, they are "accomplices of Van der Lubbe," and can not defend themselves in claiming that "the real accomplice of Van der Lubbe is the Communists and Marxists." So there, all over Germany, one man who had a human behavior, virile, independent, and all others agree to reject it on their own shame, their cowardice, their atrocities, their stains. There is a man who has no blood on their hands, and never folded: the villainous murder night, the torture, in basements, at unarmed men, he opposed a purely physical destruction, that of a Bastille ugliness of slavery and built on the corpses of 1870-1871, fed corpses of an entire people as the German parliamentarians sent to the slaughter in 1914 unanimously. At the cowardice of those who whine, beg or cry out when their provocation tends a weapon to defend himself, he responded with the emblem of courage, life, freedom: the flame, the bonfire the torch, the lighthouse! That is why this man is in prison, incommunicado, in the grip of a bitter enemy to force a confession of "conspiracy", lists of "accomplices". That is why he persists in repeating "I acted alone: I do not know Torgler or Thaelmann (12), no person nobody helped me, nobody is with me, I have only one boss, and that only one party: myself. I have only one enemy: international capitalism. And yet, every word is betrayed, tricked, soiled by the press "Workers' International, which attempts despite good faith and logically to present it as a" confession "that" the provocative Lubbe "was forced to do. Compelled by what ? I wonder, when all the forces of persuasion, bribery, threat, torture is used Lubbe unsuccessfully to wrest the name of only one "accomplices".

* * *

What arguments that are invoked to "prove" the relationship of Van der Lubbe with the Nazis?
It is impossible to give a complete refutation. Each day brings new evidence! But the evidence " overwhelming "and" irrefutable "is replaced by another the next day much stronger, much more" sensational ", though. more "stunning". Finally, we can not do better than to summarize as best they could, without even discussing the various "revelations" that have been made, day after day in the columns of Humanity, with a sample of sophistry we are appending to deduce , inevitably, the same conclusion slanderous. The mere enumeration of these "arguments" is enough to lift the shoulders, here it is, provisionally complete OE:

1. Van der Lubbe is not German. "It was a man from who knows where that history can not be controlled. "
2. "Van der Lubbe Van der Lubbe is not. It is a camouflaged Nazi whose identity remains unknown. "
3. Van der Lubbe had kept in his possession a Dutch passport and an old Dutch Communist Party card. "There is a police officer on loan to Dutch Hitler. "
4. "The passport of Van der Lubbe was not written by the Dutch authorities. It's a false passport. So the map is wrong and it is all a plot by the Nazis to hide one of them. "
5. It is true that Van der Lubbe belonged to the Communist Party of Holland, but he was expelled in 1931 "for his hostile attitude to the party and his provocative behavior." "It is clear that he set fire to the Reichstag for the sake of provocation. "
6. "It's not Van der Lubbe who put the Reichstag fire assault but the section No. 17 in Berlin-Moabit. The Nazis have confessed to the Communists . "

7. Van der Lubbe had already tried to set fire to the imperial palace in Potsdam just before addressing the Reichstag. It failed. "This is suspicious: he succeeded with the Reichstag and not with the imperial castle: it shows his sympathy for William II. "

8. Van der Lubbe had already been unmasked by the Nazis from whom he trying to impersonate a member of the Nazi party. "It just proves that he was a Nazi. "
9. By cons, Van der Lubbe is not trying to pass for a Communist Third International. He denies any relationship with bolsheviks and social democracy.
"So there can be an agent of Hitler and Deterding. (13) "
10. Faced with Torgler and other communists imprisoned as his alleged accomplices, he denies ever having met, or have anything in common with them. " But the evidence that he is a spy, is that the Nazis promised him 50 000 DM, and freedom for his work with treason and offered 20,000 marks to discover who his accomplices. "

You can not expect to finish at once with the sensational revelations of Humanity Lubbe on the case. We have seen that it leaves one a day. Some are the obvious archiconnues established by Lubbe himself from day one and where one draws conclusions ridiculous. The others are mere fantasies or cowardly insinuations - "He was promised money," "He wanted to be Nazi" - harvested, it seems, from the Nazis themselves. If this heap of sophistry and false testimony involved a few disfigured truths had been considered in cold blood by the international proletariat, it is likely that Van der Lubbe is now considered a second Max Holz and gossip of the press as a fable vile and grotesque.

It is preposterous, indeed, to suppose that Hitler would have felt the need to give the signal of civil war when he was hailed as the savior of the country and where his opponents holed up without resistance, using the only weapon of the ballot.
It is ludicrous to assume that, wanting to give this signal, it will be sent to an alien, excluded organizations Bolsheviks when he has at hand, in Germany, so many cookies, cowardly and renegades registered or not German Communist Party.

It is ludicrous to suppose that the police would have made Hitler coarsely Dutch passport, so she could do to anyone of German identity papers bearing official stamps and all that it had entered into the archives of local German Communists.
It is ludicrous to call a snitch man who acted alone, which does not admit a single accomplice, who has repudiated any community with a view of Bolshevism and social democracy and has maintained before the attempted bribery or intimidation of his opponents unwavering attitude, continuing to assert both his complete independence of action and his hatred of international capitalism.

(To be continued ...)

Ed [the Libertarian]. We do not share the view of our comrade A. P It seems instead that Van der Lubbe is an agent of Hitler.
The Libertarian n'392 March 31 to April 7, 1933

1. Over the period 1918-1921 in Germany, read, Andrew and Dori Prudhommeaux, Spartacus and the Municipality of Berlin, Spartacus, 1949; Philippe Bourrinet, The Dutch Left , . [Ed]
2. Statesman Social Democrat, Carl Severing (1875-1952) negotiated a compromise in order to dissolve the Red Army founded to oppose the coup failed right-wing Kapp (13-17 March 1920). He was then Minister of Interior of the Government of Prussia. [Ed]
3. In fact, the KAPD (Kommunistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands - Communist Party Workman Germany). Founded in Berlin in early April 1920 by the Opposition of the KPD, he covered about 40,000 members, or four-fifths of the KPD before the split, the majority of workers and unemployed youths ready for action, insurgency, but also Expressionist artists grouped around the journal Die Aktion and intellectuals as pedagogue and publicist Otto Rühle or Dutch poet Herman Gorter. (On the political positions of KAPD, read the "Program of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany (May 1920), .) [Ed]
4. Coming from a middle modest, a volunteer from August 1914, Max Holz (1889-1933) was outraged by the war and became interested in socialist ideas. In 1918, he engaged passionately in the council movement, founded a committee of unemployed and joined the KPD. In March 1920, he participated in armed resistance to the Kapp Putsch, setting up a Red Army and refusing to disarm after the general strike. Expelled for insubordination, he was welcomed in the circles of KAPD and the following year, he led the "March Action". Arrested in Berlin after the failed workers' uprising, he was tried and sentenced to prison in perpetuity. Returned to KPD in 1922, he received an amnesty in 1928, but after a triumphant tour at its release, making it the most popular German Communist, he was sent to the Soviet Union. In 1933 he drowned in unclear circumstances around Nizhny Novgorod - a rumor circulating about his assassination by the GPU. Read Max Holz, A rebel in the revolution. Germany 1918-1921, translated text, introduced and annotated by Serge Cosseron, Spartacus, 1988, and its record in the Dictionary of international workers' movement (Germany) , workers Publishing, 1990 249-250. [Ed]
5. Zôrgiebel Carl (1876-1961) was an assistant to Albert Grzesinski (1879-1947), interior minister of Prussia Social Democrat in 1926. In 1929, in Berlin, he drowned in blood a May 1st demonstration banned by police. [Ed]
6. Editor of Die Rote Fahne from 1922, the KPD representative in Moscow in 1925, Heinz Neumann (1902-1937?) Was considered the "handyman" of Stalin after he assumed responsibility for the failed insurrection in Canton in 1927. Income in Germany the following year, he played a decisive role in the "Stalinization" of his original party. Having opposed the Stalinist line in 1931, he was sent to the Soviet Union in April 1932. After two missions abroad, he was arrested April 27, 1937 and probably executed shortly after ( Biographical Dictionary ..., op. Cit., P. 363-364 ). His wife Margarete Buber-Neumann was arrested in June 1938, deported to Karaganda in Kazakhstan, and then delivered to the Nazis during the winter of 1939-1940 and interned in the camp of Ravensbrück. (Read Charles Jacquier, "Margarete Buber-Neumann or double experience camps, "Margarete Buber-tracking Neurnann," Who is worse? Satan or Beelzebub? [1950], Commentary, Spring 1998, No. 81, p. 235-244; and Margarete Buber-Neumann, "Dead Souls in the twentieth century" [1949], Agon, 2001, No. 25, p. 165-169.) [Ed]
7. The frequency and intensity of the elections campaign has followed almost exactly the pace of the misery and irritation of the German masses until a biannual periodicity sorting during winter 1932-1933. Here, only for the elections of November 1932, the effort by the German Communist organization in the electoral arena, "25 000 election meetings, including 2500 in Berlin, 30 million leaflets 2 million legal and illegal pamphlets, 700,000 large posters and $ 1 million and a half smaller, 1 brochures and a half million new, besides the old and at least 300 000 provided by friendly organizations; 7 million copies of special editions of our newspapers, in addition to 6 million Rote Fahne on Versailles and 200 000 illegal leaflets, etc.. etc.. "(L'Humanite , November 24, 1932). [Nes].
8. In July 1930, the Nazis bought the Barlow Palace in Munich to make the center their party, under the name "Braun Haus [Brown House]" - in other cities had their houses and then brown. [Ed]
9. Chairman of the Communist parliamentary group in the Reichstag, Ernst Torgler (1893-1963), with its innocence and showing a beautiful simplicity, surrendered to police Feb. 28, 1933 after he learned by radio that he was suspected of the fire. Accused and imprisoned, he refused to follow instructions given by the party to his defense during the trial that followed. Acquitted for lack of evidence However, he remained in prison until 1936. He had been expelled from the KPD in the previous year. ( Biographical Dictionary ..., op. Cit., P. 477. ) [ed]
10. Construction Worker, Marinus van der Lubbe (1909-1934) was active as a teenager in the youth section of the Communist Party of Leiden (Netherlands) in 1931 before breaking with the official line to focus the struggles of the unemployed while sympathizing with the Communists advice. In 1932 he founded an ephemeral log unemployed, advocating the independence struggles and self-organization of the unemployed. In the evening 27 February 1933, he was arrested inside the Reichstag in flames and soon claimed his act of individual protest against a symbolic monument. On the one hand, the Nazis accused him of being a communist agent, while a decree declaring a state of emergency and that thousands of opponents were arrested. On the other, the Comintern denounced as a Nazi provocateur and marched his propaganda machine to spread slander. This double charge gave rise to "one of the most amazing lies that were to come in the history of our days" (Paul Barton, "Marinus van der Lubbe or myth history "[1959], Agon, 2001, No. 25, p. 177-195; also read Marinus van der Lubbe, Travel of the Reichstag arsonist Edited and annotated by Yves Pages and Charles Reeve, Portraits, 2003, p. 87-258; Nico Jassie, Marinus van der Lubbe and the Reichstag fire , antisocial Publishing, 2004, p. 9-79.) [Ed]
11. In 1919, after being the director of Krupp, Alfred Hugenberg (1865-1951) founded a conservative party, the Deutschnationale Volkspartei. During the Weimar Republic, he built a newspaper empire in favor of the right and the far right before becoming the Minister of Economy of the first government of Hitler. [Ed]
12. Originally from Hamburg, Ernst Thaelmann (1886-1944) practiced various trades port before emigrating to America. Returning to his hometown in 1903, he joined the SPD and the Union of Transport. Degree in 1914 and mobilized the next year (he was wounded twice), he joined the KPD in 1920. Member of the Presidium of the Communist International, he was, from 1924, the architect of Bolshevization the party, he became the president and presidential candidate of 1925. Arrested March 3, 1933 in the suburbs of Berlin, he was transferred from prison to prison before being murdered August 18, 1944 in the Buchenwald camp on the orders of Himmler (Biographical Dictionary .... op. Cit., P. 470 -472). [Ed]
13. Dutch industry did not hide his admiration for Hitler, Sir Henry Deterding (1866-1939) was general manager in Royal Dutch Petroleum Company in the Netherlands, which merged in 1907 with The Shell Transport & Trading Company Ltd.., London to form in Royal Dutch / Shell. (Read "The allies of Hitler," The Crapouillot, July 1933, p. 61-62.) [Ed]

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