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To understand see the context:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler
Oswald Spengler is virtually the forerunner of what might be called today, the Post Modernism. Strangely forgotten by their singers.

SPIRIT AND EXPERIENCE
NOTES FOR READERS Survived the Decline of the West
Robert Musil (1921)

I

Schiller test The measure necessary in the use of beautiful forms : "The arbitrariness of Belles Lettres in thought is really a great evil. But the chapters on the mathematics of the advantages of immediately dropping the mask of scientific objectivity qu'arborent so willingly, in any field of science, literature. Spengler wrote: "[This or that] may be less apparent in popular parts of mathematics, but the higher numerical formations which each [...] not slow to rise, as the Hindu decimal system, ancient groups of conic sections, prime numbers and the regular polyhedra, those in the West, the digital body, multidimensional spaces, buildings highly transcendental theory of transformations and set theory, the group of non-Euclidean geometry ... "Etc.. This is so serious that a non-mathematician will immediately persuaded that only a mathematician can speak well. In reality, this list of Spengler evokes the zoologist who rank among the quadrupeds, dogs, tables, chairs and the equations of the 4th degree! Spengler also wrote: "The consequence of this great intuition of space symbolic universe is the last and final design of the mathematical West: one that broadens and spiritualized theory by transforming in group theory. "But in fact, group theory is not an extension of the theory of functions. Spengler and further define "groups are ... "Only, what he defines, these are not groups, but with certain reservations, a" quantity ", otherwise, nothing in particular! It defines a "quantity", namely "the content of a quantity of elements of the same nature," he is wrong, and believes there take the definition of a digital body! He writes: "On the contrary, in function theory, the concept of transformation groups has a meaning decisive, and the musician will confirm that an essential part of modern composition is made of similar transformations. But the notion of transformation group does not exist in the theory of functions alone are the subject of intellectual groups-processing, but in group theory, and not in function. This is a good example of both the universality and style of the demonstration.

II

Based on such examples, we really can not pretend I'm a maniac of literal accuracy. When we pretend same. As it exists in the media, I say, and I say intellectuals (but I think the literary circles ) a bias against anything that is sprained in mathematics, logic and accuracy, among the crimes against the spirit, we likes to store the number of these honorable political crimes where the public prosecutor is in fact the accused. Let us be generous. Spengler thinks "about" working strokes of analogies: so, in a sense, we can always be right. When an author insists on giving false names concepts or confuse the reader gets used to it. It must nevertheless be maintained at least a code, any relationship, but uniquely, between word and thought. Yet even this is lacking. The examples chosen not look far among many, are not errors of detail, but a thinking!
There are lemon-yellow butterflies, there are also Chinese lemon. In a sense, we can define the butterfly: Chinese dwarf winged central Europe. Butterflies and pass for Chinese symbols of pleasure. One sees here for the first time the possibility of a match, never studied still, between the heyday of the lepidopteran fauna and Chinese civilization. The butterfly has wings and not the Chinese is a surface phenomenon. A zoologist would he even if only a small part of the latest and most profound discoveries of the art, this is not for me to consider first the significance of the fact that the butterflies did not invent gunpowder : precisely because the Chinese have gone before. The predilection of some nocturnal species suicidal for the lights on a hangover is still difficult to explain to the understanding daytime, this morphological relationship with China.
Whatever we seeks to prove as well and I chose the example of mathematics, including Spengler himself says he is the only one who can corroborate his argument, to show what confidence it deserves.

III

Time to draw epistemological conclusions that Spengler's review of physics.
He asserts that "words such as size, position, process, change of state, already represent images specifically Western [...] but completely dominate the character of scientific facts as such and their way of being known, let alone such complicated concepts as working voltage, amount of energy, heat, probability, each of which contains a real man for himself myth natural " .
"The experiment, the systematic manipulation of the experiment is highly dogmatic, and presupposes a particular aspect of nature. "The closed complex, highly convincing, irrefutable truths depends to a very important sense, changing, destinies general National and individuals. Every great physicist whose personality gives a direction and a specific color to his discoveries, each hypothesis, unthinkable without the aftertaste of individuality, each problem that falls more in the hands of such research than in those of another, represent all intervention of fate in the formation of doctrine. Who does not dispute much of it on there in the absolute moments of mechanics. "

Spengler's remarks, excluding some ambiguities, are fully justified. The only fault of the author is to believe news : They sound familiar to anyone even slightly informed about the work of epistemology of the past fifty years.
But when he concludes that it is in the choice of physics, " problems style ... ("There are physical systems as there are tragedies and symphonies. It is here, as in painting, schools, traditions, manners, conventions ..."), it is a gallus Matthiae gibberish.
Spengler says there is no reality. That nature is a function of culture. That cultures are the latest reality that is accessible. Skepticism that our last phase must have a historical character. But why should the axes of the Palaeolithic and the levers of Archimedes' time have they acted exactly like today? Why a vulgar ape can use a lever or a stone as if he knew the law and the static solids, and a panther infer the presence of a trace of the game as if it was causal familiar? If you do not want to be forced to assume a "culture" common monkey, the man of the Stone Age, Archimedes and the panther, no may admit the existence of a common external controller to the subjects, that is to say an experience capable of extension and development, the possibility of knowledge, some version of truth, progress, the rise in short, this mixture of subjective and objective factors of knowledge that distinction is precisely the sort of tedious work of epistemology which Spen settle was delivered, presumably because decidedly opposed too many obstacles to the free flight of thought.

Spengler notes somewhere that knowledge is not a simple content, but a living act, it is also content, that is what he neglects too much. But what characterizes and defines our intellectual situation is precisely the plethora of content, hypertrophy of the knowledge of facts (including moral facts), the spreading of the experiment on the surface of nature, disorder, out of sight, anything that can not get rid of the denial. Or we perish, or we will overcome by making us a stronger soul. More reason to try to retract this absurd human risk and the immense hope by removing the facts, by a false skepticism, their character facts.

IV

Like many laws of nature are the product of spatial measurements, we see how successful it would be for the author failed to show that space, in every culture, not only is otherwise lived, but it really is different: what better proof indeed that the wave nature is a function of culture?
In fact, Spengler claims to have cleared up the "illusion of a constant space enclosing all men could agree on which conceptually without reservations ", and have revealed" a stretch in itself ... independent of the specific sense of the shape of the knowing subject "is a" chimera. "
It refers to the existence of non-Euclidean geometries and concludes that there are several concepts of space that are defined by the very fact that these geometries are valid or not for them. Call it the mathematical spaces. They were born of the fact that some properties of traditional Euclidean space have been changed; add that one can still use the mathematical expression of physical facts, so real. But then, usually, we introduce a distinction like other mathematical symbols, the space chosen for the first representation is never a conceptual bridge open to phenomena that occur in another area, that of the secular reality. Call it empirical-metric space, since none other than the space of experience where the dominant aspect of measurement; what we shall be convinced easily by remembering that there is next to space-metric and empirical in a sense before him, other areas are visible, tangible or audible at all levels, the primary impression the collection fully conscious. These spaces are Euclidean nothing less: in visual space, for example, the parallels intersect, the length depends on the relative position of segments, the three dimensions are not equivalent, and there is no specific illusions often prove as such only by coincidence experiments with another sensory field. I do not intend to develop it, or how, from there, is the total space experience, why he is considered Euclidean and to what extent the deepening of the experience mathematical-physical reason for doubting. I just to note that this problem has been the subject of numerous works on epistemology and psychology whose conclusions, if they do not yet provide the answer, let it at least expected. Spengler was therefore quite correct in asserting that there is a plurality of mathematical-physical spaces, better yet: the "multiple structures of perception variables" that he says does exist, his only fault is see it as a basis for the theory of space. Again, he took the starting point of reflection for its successful conclusion. It is a mistake that would have avoided if he does not consider the "silly methods of experimental psychology 'As' a killing ground for mediocre minds "and therefore unworthy of him and the work of epistemology as" pedantic trifles. " I leave aside considerations like the weather, the "mystery of spatialization" in favor of a broader package: in detail, in fact, it's always the same image is repeated.

V

A note before going further. It was invoked repeatedly by the authority of experience.
Some respond by shrugging his shoulders philosophy empiricist! That is to say, an orientation that is precisely the thinking, too, that a Directorate among many, and does not claim alone possess truth. This emphasis on character fact, Spengler spacing casually as another symptom of Western civilization. The chorus of defenders of the spirit and beautiful soul, Goethe - unduly regimented - the last and the last booby bigot came, rehashing long unison affirmation, while intuitive, there is nothing more pitiful than empiricism.
Before answering, I should say that I would consider unfair to a work which has its meaning and its own life (that's how I feel that Spengler's) first in rush to ridicule the weaknesses then slide on his little pot fire personal, in order to simmer his superiority and that even more superficially than the author, because time, place and importance of my consciousness I miss ! I said that I shall not judge by Spengler's book, but I attack. I attack it where it is typical, where it is superficial. Spengler attack is an attack on the time which it originates and to which he pleases, because his sins and those of his time merge. But it does not refute an era: I do not mean by agnosticism, but because no man would spend time there. One can hardly watch as he fingers and, occasionally, tap it.
experience who takes charge, from Spengler has absolutely nothing to do with the distinctions in the history of philosophy. No system of thought can be in contradiction with experience or just the conclusions drawn are: in this sense, all philosophy is a serious empiricism. How to identify the precise concept of experience, distinguishing the elements aprioristic elements of experience in the strict sense, and in what sense it is permissible to speak of a priori, as many complex debates and not nearly over. But if we can ignore it, among other reasons, because the general aversion that was mentioned concerns, not theoretical work lay unknown, but an attitude of mind which, encouraged by the success of natural sciences since the eighteenth century, gaining more and more civilized humanity. Experience counts for scientists - there are many thinkers who had reported having experienced God - is one that can be guaranteed to everyone in the ascertainable circumstances. I would, not without malice, adding that it is a trivial experience. In this sense, of course, empiricism narrows the mind. Forced to build from the bottom rather than the top, accessible and safe ground - large theoretical thoughts are relatively rare - the accuracy, often, a little gentrified, the first movement is always the lowest, and as the second, which would amount, generally less well managed, we end up sticking to the first. Empiricism - when it does not become one of the highest intellectual virtues - implies some phlegm philosophical butt is glued fragments of experience, until he come out, perhaps! a system. We turn in circles by simply storing phenomena in other groups of phenomena. And if in such an attitude, the metaphysical need is not as commonly overlooked that admits failing to see beyond appearances, we must recognize that the passion of the reduction will lead to excesses, and that Some explanations are valid, so to speak, within the limits of jargon. That is what can justify the fight against the narrowness of the scientific spirit of intellectualism, rationalism, etc.. But do not forget: any form of thinking has its procession of grotesques, and that of the opponent is remarkably longer. If the empiricist is Lucifer precipitated by God into the abyss, thinking that the main argument in its favor is the lack of any philosophical angels! This is to show, in honor of a higher value, one of these angels plucked by me, I chose the example of Spengler.

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Man mathematics. Robert Musil

Among the many absurdities that told about math ignorance of their true nature, he is one which is to describe the great captains "Mathematicians of the battlefield." In fact, if we are to avoid catastrophe, it must not exceed their logical calculations the innocent simplicity of the four operations. The sudden need for a deduction also moderately subtle and complex than solving a simple differential equation would cost the lives of thousands.

This attack is not the strategy is to defend the uniqueness of mathematics. They say they are for thinking the utmost economy, and without doubt this is true. But the very fact of thinking is a dark matter and problematic. It became a long time (even when it would have been first a simple savings biological) complexity passion to spare, which is not concerned over the postponement of the result that the sparing of his poverty, slowly luxuriously converted into its opposite.
Mathematics permit, under favorable conditions, to complete a transaction in moments such as the addition of an infinite series, we would be unable to ever complete otherwise. They can already make the machine complex logarithmic calculations, integrations and up, the work of modern computer terminal arranging the data of the problem and turning a crank or push a button. Thus, a simple wizard? He able to dispatch problems that his teacher, only two hundred years ago, could have solved without consulting London Newton and Leibniz in Hanover. Even for problems that the machine is still unable to resolve (of course, many more), we can see mathematics as an intellectual ideal device whose purpose, and success are to predict, from first principles, all possible cases.
is the triumph of rational organization. The highways of reason, threatened Bad weather and bandits, have replaced the lines of sleeping cars. From the perspective of the theory of knowledge, that is, without doubt, an economy.
We wondered what proportion of these possible cases actually served. We calculated how much of life, money, fatigue, ambitions have been spent in the history of this huge savings system, how many are still there and need to be invested, even if that not to lose the acquis, and we have tried to be balanced with the profit gained. Again, this device certainly complicated, cumbersome, proved economically incomparable and cleanly. Our entire civilization owes its existence, and we can not by any other means to replace and it fully meets the needs it meets, and the generosity of its operation is to empty one of these unique facts that are beyond the critical.
must therefore look away profits extrinsic apply, even within mathematics, the distribution of elements remained unused, to discover the other face, the true face of this science. So anything less than effective, it is expensive and passionate nature. The average man does not use more than primary school has taught him, the engineer, just enough to find themselves in the columns of formulas technical manuals, that is to say not much, the physicist himself Similarly, ordinary, working with mathematical means relatively poorly differentiated. She needs? It more, it is often limited to himself, mathematicians with little taste for this kind of adaptation. That is how, in many areas of this science (areas of undeniable practical importance), specialists are found to be non-mathematicians. But next door, huge range of areas which exist only for the mathematician, like a vast network of nerves around the attachment points of a few muscles. Somewhere in there that works the mathematician isolated: its windows are not on the outside, but adjacent rooms. He is a specialist: we can not conceive of genius who is still able to dominate the whole. Probably thinks that his work will eventually return one day exploitable advantage, but this is not what stimulates him and he is with the truth, that is to say, his destiny him, not the end of this destiny. The practical result of his activity he would be a miracle of economy, which inhabits it is the extravagance and passion.

Mathematics is now one of the few luxuries rashness of Pure Reason. Perhaps many philologists do they also an activity that themselves do not see the benefit, to say nothing of philatelists and collectors of ties. But these are innocent mannerisms, which are spread very far from the serious business, while there are mathematical penetrate the contrary, few? One of the most fun adventures and boldest of life. A small example: practically, one can say that we live entirely on the results of this science, which it? even completely uninterested. Our bread is cooked, our houses are built, our cars drive through it. With the exception of some manufactured goods: furniture, clothing, shoes, and children, everything is provided by the engagement of mathematical operations. All this life around us running, running or stopped, not only depends on mathematics for its comprehensiveness: it is actually the product, it lies in the infinite variety of its determinations on them. The pioneers of mathematics had done some basic representations used: where followed deductions, computing systems and results that captured physicists to obtain new results, whereupon came the technicians, who often were content to add to these results some further calculations, and machines to make their appearance . But when all this had made the world more beautiful shape, that the mathematicians (theoretical tireless nosy) suddenly discovered in the foundations of the entire company, something irremediable vice: and found by going to the bottom of things that the entire edifice was based on nothing! But the machines worked ... Here we therefore reduced to agree that our existence is pure fantasy, we live it, yes, but only by virtue of an error without which it would not! No man today, not alongside the fantastic more closely than the mathematician. This

intellectual scandal, blamed the mathematician, in an exemplary manner, that is to say with confidence and pride, the diabolically dangerous nature of his intelligence. I could cite other examples, as the fury that physicists have sometimes made to deny the reality of space and time. And this, not at all in the air, as happens to philosophers (we apologize immediately on their occupation) but based on reasons that you suddenly needed with evidence of an automobile, and incredibly reliable. But enough to understand what fine fellows we are dealing.
As for us, since the Enlightenment, we have lost much courage. A small failure was enough to disgust us intelligence, and we let the first come exalted accused of rationalism hollow attempt of a Diderot or D'Alembert. We BRAILLON for sentiment against the intellect, forgetting that without feeling the intellect, with rare exceptions, only blister. We have already so severely corrupted our literature, after he swallowed in rapid succession two German novels, it remains for us to quickly solve an integral, for swelling.
Do not object that the mathematicians out of their specialty, are being banal or stupid, that their logic is useless. Their logic is that there is no place, and they do in their field what we should do in ours. This is the lesson considerable copy of their existence: they are a picture of the future representative of the spirit.
As long as this has seriously drilled in the jokes that we had allowed here about them, the following conclusions do not appear too unexpected. People complain that there is no culture of our time. This can be understood differently, in fact, culture has always been a unit is provided to that religion or society, or even art. We have become too numerous for a company; too many also a religion (that can not be enunciating here, not evidence). And as for art, our era is the first who can not love her artists. Nevertheless, this time not only sees activity such intellectual energy than it ever was, but still experiencing harmony and unity of spirit far unsuspected. Claim that all this concerns only a limited knowledge would be stupid for a long time, the real goal is the thought in general. Without doubt, this form of thought, with its requirements of depth, boldness, novelty, merely does the time domain for IE exclusively rational and scientific. But it is slowly spreading, and when she has earned the feeling, it will deserve the name of spirit. Writers to take that step. To do this, they did not learn any method (psychological, my goodness or otherwise) only to impose requirements. Instead, they just look their situation with perplexity, and console themselves blaspheming. And if contemporary Nor can, by themselves, translate into the human level of thinking, they are nevertheless sensitive to what is still below their level.

[Text published in 1913 in the magazine Der Vogel lose; French translation by Philippe Jaccottet, Robert Musil, Essays, Threshold]

Supplementary Lines In Real Life

(extract of Latter days of humanity)

The grumbler at his office (reading) : "Desiring to establish the exact time required for a tree that stands in the forest turns into paper, the boss of a paper mill had the idea to make a very interesting experience. At 7:35, he knocked down three trees in the nearby woods and, after stripping, taking them to the plant pulp. The transformation of the three tree trunks in wood cellulose liquid was so fast that from 9:39, the first roll of printing paper came out of the machine. This roll was taken immediately to the printing of a newspaper to four miles away, and at 11 o'clock in the morning, the newspaper was sold in the street. It has therefore took three hours and twenty-five minutes to allow the public to read the latest news on material from trees whose branches on the same morning, birds chirped again. "
It is five hours. The answer is there. The echo of my bloody madness ... How? We would be traveling salesmen weapons factories, not supposed to testify with their mouths but their business performance with their bodies of the inferiority of the competition? Where travelers were many, there will be plenty of lame ! They transform the sales areas into battlefields, either! They had the power to the most noble of mind in the service of villainy, the devil himself would have dared imagine such a consolidation of his power. And if he had whispered that the first year of the war an oil refinery would be 137% of net earnings over the entire share capital and 73% David Fanto, the Creditanstalt 19.9 million net profit, and that dealers in meat, sugar, fuel alcohol, fruit, potatoes, butter, leather, rubber, coal, iron, wool, soap, oil, ink, arms would be compensated many times over the depreciation of the blood of others, the devil himself would have voted in favor of peace by renunciation! And that's why you crawled over four years in the mud, that's why the letters were hampered you were designed, selected books that would comfort you. They wanted you to stay alive because they had not stolen enough in their exchanges, not enough lied in their newspapers, not enough people abused their offices, not yet quite distraught humanity, not yet drawn enough pretext of the war to justify their disability and sadism - they had not yet finished dancing in the carnival tragic when men were dying in front of reporters to war and where female butchers became Doctor of Letters _honoris causa_ ... Statesmen, called fast decay only to curb the bestial instincts of humanity, have unfettered! Under the cloak of technical, hysteria is sweeping nature, the paper command to arms. We were handicapped by the action of the rotary before the guns do the victims. All areas of the imagination had they not been evacuated? At the end was the Word. Whoever killed the spirit had no other choice but to generate action. And it is the press who did this, by itself, it has corrupted the world with his whoring. It's not that she has set in motion the machinery of death but have emptied our heart to the point we can no longer imagine the likely outcome, that is his responsibility for the war!
... And you, sacrificed, you did not rebel against this project? You did not defend against mandatory death the ultimate freedom and cons of becoming arsonists? Cons This diabolical ruse to demand, under the banner of moral pathos, sacrifice for the benefit of the wool market ... And the glory and the fatherland in all this? You were naked as before God and your beloved face a commission of brutes and bastards! Country, we have seen in the thirst for power of the slave unchained and the amenity of the blackmailer thirsty tip. Except that we, if we had seen that in the guise of these atrocious general - who interfered during this great era in the pages of the Spectator cabbage leaves instead of the ladies of the high order of attest in this world we do not just fornicate, it also kills - in fact we had hoped at the close of this bloody mess!
How you there, and killed, cheated, you did not rebel against this company? You have supported freedom and lives of these beautiful media strategists, parasites and buffoons, like your unhappiness and your constraints? Knowing they were receiving honors for your suffering? You do not have their glory spat in his face? Sleeping in trains of wounded that these scoundrels could spread in the press? You do are not escaped, have not defected to join the holy war: to free us from the rear of the enemy we are bombarded daily deadly brain with his lies? You are dead for this trade? You have endured the horror to extend ours, which we here Tirions language between the wear and distress, painful contrasts between the irrelevance of consumption and plump dumb. Oh, you felt less compassion for us than we do for you, we who claim they want a hundredfold every hour all these years they have torn from your life, we who had always one question at the mouth to look like you if you survive that? When you have escaped the ultimate goal of the glory that hyenas do your graves and offer guides to the curiosity of tourists! Disease, poverty, decay, lice, hunger, agony, death at the front, all to raise tourism - that is our common lot! They have risked your skin and in our own minds practice has earned purses. You, you had weapons - and you are not parties to attack the rear? You did not turn around to save us and you, leaving this area of shame for the most honest of wars? Dead, you do not raise your holes in the ground, bringing to this filth, to haunt his sleep of your faces grimacing flown at the time of death, with eyes dimmed by waiting heroic, with your mask unforgettable staging of madness imposed on your youth! So stand up and fight them with your heroic death to the cowardice that control life finally knows her features and she looks at her eyes in the eye, a life! Tear them to sleep in your cry of agony! Disturb their enjoyment by the ghost of your suffering! They were able to kiss the girls night after the day they have strangled you! Save us from them, save us a peace that brings plague their neighborhood! Save us from calamity to shake the hand of military judges returned home and returned to civilian executioners.
Help, the slain! Help me, I am not obliged to live among men, by ambition or survival instinct, ordered that hearts stop beating, that mothers have white hair! Come back! Ask them what they did to you! What they did when you were suffering through their own fault before dying because of them! ... corpses with weapons, tear up this petrified! Come on! Advance, dear supporter of the mind, and calling them your dear head! And you - where are you, you who are dead in the hospital? They sent me my last card with the notification: "Out of the hospital. Address unknown. "Advance to tell them where you are and how it is there, tell them that you never wanted to let you use for that! ... This is not your death - your life I want revenge those you have inflicted!

Karl Kraus 1919.

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Foreword Translator's
Translating Dritte Walpurgisnacht
in "Third Walpurgis Night" Karl Kraus, 1933.

Third Walpurgis Night is the last long piece of Kraus, the culmination of his work as a journalist and polemicist, which began in 1899 with the creation of Die Fackel newspaper whose mission already announced by its title that can be translated as "The Torch". Scout and sentry Kraus has been driven by the desire to fight obscurantism and draw attention to the resignations of the mind, because deficiencies and assaults against nature. Owned by its mission and confident of his duty of intransigence, he wrote Die Fackel single from 1911. The numbers could be very unequal, ranging from a few pages to over a hundred pages. Nothing more contrary to the requirement of truth, according to Kraus, that out of a newspaper with the same number of pages so that the interest of timeliness fluctuates. Before any consideration of how information is processed, regularity of the volume is already for him the sign of a lie and a danger because, flanging any hierarchy, the press and puts the information at the same level can not always highlight any at fair value, inflating or reducing the importance of an event due to a calibration only needs fixed: depending on the season, as space can be given to the invasion of a country or police excesses as weddings or pranks of a woman avocado, all interspersed with advertisements - subsidies which happened Die Fackel, who lived only for sales revenues and subscriptions. As long as it seemed, the newspaper enjoyed a readership that could also vary, ranging from 9000 to 38 000 readers by the numbers. Kraus did not care to retain readers by stroking in the direction of the hair. It sometimes takes them directly to them when they are annoying and want to lock him in a role as the troublemaker who has patented an idea about everything and know publicly. Thus he says at the beginning of Third Walpurgis Night: "Some [players] are so brash as I retreat before them more than before the danger they are in fact assault a bookstore before leaving with regret in insinuating that "it is probably for fear that no seems not. "Well guessed the extent of consciousness arise in those moments before such advocates is also an inhibiting factor." The obligation to write, Kraus substituted during the first months of 1933, that of taking the measure of the disaster. As an actor who does his silence to support the response coming

"I remain silent;
and does not say why
and there was silence,
while the earth cracked.
No words that touched; [.,.]
was then indifference.
call
asleep when the world awoke,
does it appear in the brief number that precedes Third Walpurgis Night, the text was originally intended to do quite a number Die Fackel. It has been only partially - numbers 890-905 in late July 1934 - Kraus having renounced the last moment to publish everything in order not to endanger his friends. For the danger that threatens all opponents in this year 1933 is worse than ever. And as surprising as it may seem, Kraus seems to be one of the few as'en see if earlier and with much foresight, and not wearing a political decision but simply providing, from a critique of language, an analysis of the phenomenon he calls an "Event".
Three hundred pages of Third Walpurgis Night were written in five months, and only three after Hitler's appointment as chancellor by Hindenburg, January 30, 1933. But Kraus seems to have everything already understood what was coming: not foreseen or anticipated, because the book is not a light but that of someone who simply knows how to look. The documents on which he relies, everyone could have. Kraus sources had no secret or privileged information. He simply read the newspapers, listened to the radio (often just listen to the radio when looking for the truth "), operated overlap, checked, classified. It also expressly provides sources of information: the Arbeiter Zeitung, the Berliner Tageblatt, the Neue Freie Presse, Reichspost, Berliner Illustrierte and - moderately, as he says - Mein Kampf (for who knows how to read n ' no need to make it his favorite book to see what he peddles ideology and what purpose it continues). Since 1933, therefore, Kraus speaks at length of the preparations for war with Nazi Germany, of its expansionist, anti-Semitism displayed and brutal, the structure of society pre-fascist German concentration camps (the first, Oranienburg, was opened in February 1933, followed by that of Dachau in March of that year) , torture, summary executions, abuse perpetrated against women accused of "being committed" with Jews, "preventive detention" as arbitrary imprisonment without trial and to quickly put opponents away. If Kraus is prophetic, it is in a few sentences that summarize the essential nature of Nazism - which will not yet not all the horror he died in 1936, two years before the Anschluss, he honnissait the idea: "It's a moment in the life of nations, not lacking in size since in spite of electric lighting and even all the expedients of radio science, it returns to the original state where a disruption of all the conditions of life often means death. "Or this:" Simultaneity of Electrical and myth, and atomic decay pyre of everything that exists and no longer exists! "How
then pretend they did not know that it was impossible to know? These "Millions of people who have everything under the eyes and notice nothing" ... The only explanation is that Kraus did not know, we refused to think of it as possible what happened to the other sometimes in full view of everyone: "The strict observance of preventive [... ] Remain under the zealous loyalty to their faith and more because those who sleep in beds do not want to believe. "Do not accept things as they do not affect us personally. Thus, the President of the Austrian PEN Club, himself Jewish, said he did nothing wrong (personally) to the Nazis and that he has never asked anything about his Jewishness, repeating that he was never bothered by the Nazis and that they make a bad case of intent that the suspect referred to as horrible as the disqualifications, the concentration camps and torture.
What seems to have first opportunity to Nazism is less the fact that the public has been kept out it has been integrated into an orchestration of lies and has encouraged its power before installation to repress and deny its involvement . Far from being a disaster sprung from nowhere, Nazism was able to rely on the expectations, fears and repressed desires of a people who, in and largely from the years after the First World War, there was something. Kraus repeatedly protested against the lethargy room and cons of this abdication of conscience: "The Germans did not realize they make - because they realize the other - not only that no nation that also often refers it in fact it is one but the rest of the world does not use as often as one year of the term "blood" than do the German newspapers and radio stations in one day? "Or this:" These voices and faces should not they at least allow one born of a mother just to see? Or about Hitler: "The observer does not it feel heartburn when our man appears in public, especially affable and full of love for children? And this again: "Whether this has an encouraging effect rather than depressing is what is phenomenal. "No less
phenomenal is the paradox that this man wanted to be as extreme lucidity long past - at least in German speaking countries - for someone who had said nothing about Nazism, which could rise up for barbarism, but had not had the foresight to see the barbarism that happened nor the courage to write about it. This error is based on the first sentence Third night of Walpurgis, "I have no idea about Hitler," Kraus stressed that the personal pronoun placed at the beginning of a sentence and refers to himself. This introductory sentence, we chose to leave it in German, "Mir zu Hitler nichts ein fiillt" to keep the voice of Kraus as the key to the beginning of a musical staff. Who knows the issues of translation in fact known that she is disabled as a project itself insofar as said Georges Arthur Goldschmidt, choosing a language marks the impossibility of using another to say that says. Who wants to translate anyway is then faced with the challenge have to transpose a text - with all its contents and induces - in a language that was immediately excluded from the scope of expression. It's a job where one gropes, seeks, invents, directs and throws a lot - yet always with the same result, after a complete tour of the possibilities, ending up at the starting point: the best way to say what has been said, is that of the author. Would not then have to faithfully copy the original-not so naive but the whole experience - the belief that one writes that the only appropriate words. But this is not the extravagance that came out of non-translation of the opening phrase of the text of Kraus, even if doing so exhilarating choice (and ridiculous in its volume) that secret desire to refuse to translate because we traveled all the roads before the transposition that you have reduced the strength of the original. If this sentence is left as it is that much cited, it is not only the voice of Kraus, she also became an emblem. It is not just a joke, a Witz - a joke - but an expression of annoyance, of despair and rebellion. Kraus uses it as a captatio benevolentiae which, by the recoil effect, will allow him to leap and seizing his arm about the waist. It goes well the first twenty pages of Third Walpurgis Night to explain how difficult it is to say what he saw. He says he feels killed by this outbreak of savagery and stupidity that distorts reality so that this deformation him cutting the grass underfoot, the polemicist in him whose mission is precisely to magnify and distort the features of a reality show, caricaturist, the meanness and abomination out. Or even how to distort what is deformed until the climax? How exaggerating exaggeration that went faster and farther than our imagination ? How to describe the sacrilege that has already achieved the stature of abomination? Only after all that is talked of unspeakable and indescribable in the rise of Nazism, as to believe that one sinks into his own folly in being the spectator of this madness, that Kraus to the task to dismiss the head gag who entered the house of language.
Since the full text of Dritte Walpurgisnacht Suhrkamp in 1952, critics could not help but to report. Yet what many have written about this book, Germany and Austria, is staggering. As if they had read that the first sentence ...
_ Willy Haas said (in 1953 Tagesspiege!) Than three hundred pages of text "does not contradict the first sentence of Kraus' and it is only to satisfy a" personal grudge ";
_ Hans Habe (1961 in the Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung): "This man of sixty-two years, for forty years, had ideas about everything and everyone ended up completely paralyzed with the phenomenon of Hitler which, as he admits he had no idea ";
_ Scheurig Bodo (Vorwdrts in 1961, organ of the German Social Democratic Party):" When the man in brown shirt with a lock on front began to drum up pierce the eardrums, the master of the language did not know tear one sentence: "I have no idea about Hitler"; "_
Fritz Raddatz (Merkur in 1968):" Karl Kraus was silent. [... ] The book is silent for three hundred pages. [... ] No, this book is scary. [... ] No, Third Walpurgis Night of Karl Kraus is the declaration of an intellectually bankrupt: he had no idea about Nazism ";
_ Werner Ross (in 1974 in the Süddeutsche Zeitung):" But Kraus had no idea about Hitler and this has been a good little comfort for him to see the tyrant oppressed the world of journalism kicking and boot;
_ Rainer Kawa (in 1974 in Die Welt): "" I have no idea about Hitler, "Kraus wrote in 1933, sheepishly;
_ Johannes Gross (in 1981 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung): "The excellent Kraus, who began to have all sorts of ideas for a misplaced comma, and that Hitler had none of that would destroy him and his ilk, mark the abdication complacent of reason. "To borrow a phrase
Kraus: there is still so quiet that it is difficult to find words. Some journalists honest apart (Friedrich Jenaczeck, Edwin Hartl and Werner Kraft among others), there was little that writers such as Alfred Polgar, Michael Scharang Friedrich Dürrenmatt or Elfriede Jelinek (now Nobel for literature in 2004) to capture and emphasize the importance of this text at the point of disturbing sound for over thirty years - until when? - The deluge of nonsense. The lesser evil would be that German journalists have sin of laziness, not finding the courage to read this difficult text, stopping just in this first sentence that seemed so simple, convenient and immediately decided to get a simplistic view but just as comfortable and decided on Kraus's attitude compared to Nazism. Because they have read all Dritte Walpurgisnacht, they condemn themselves without calling a point of intellectual and moral.
Given, however, the virulence and persistence of these attacks, there is little doubt that we are not in front of individual blunders but a genuine intention to denigrate. Even if a player decides to stop at that first sentence, common sense suggests it would be prudent and wonders if it is possible to write three hundred pages - not to say nothing (many often succeed this feat) but - to say we have nothing to say. The goal of this propaganda is hardly a secret two-humped: if the same great Kraus, a ruthless sentinel did not see it coming, how the German people could he have suspected something? If even one who wanted the model incorporates the journalist did not find anything to write about Hitler, how the press of the time (including journalists of the postwar period are the heirs) would she have done better? Double absolution through falsification. The fact remains that many who have made a name in the newspapers prefer to make fools of uneducated, narrow-minded and dishonest admitting they can not read instead of reporting a book - they are not required to share all the analysis and conclusions but - it is impossible to sweep out of hand by pretending to condemn it before any real critical analysis, it says nothing about Nazism. "Satanic shamelessness or bottomless stupidity? "Would have asked Kraus. Hopefully, times have changed since German reunification in 1990 and we'll hurt Kraus wrote scathing in 1915: "We must say with all the necessary understanding that I am aware that I write incomprehensibly. I never doubted that the fools at the time did not understand my style. This should go a little better with the idiots to come, even if I'm sure I'm not writing for them either. "
[....]
I'm here to give special thanks to Gerald Stieg who responded with patience and relevance [....]. Without him, this translation, which I assume all the imperfections and shortcomings, would not be what it is. And it is nothing other than the first translation of this book in a European language. If one looks at the effect on the fate of Third Walpurgis Night, you realize that, more than seventy years after it was written, this text was previously reserved only for players beating the German, Except for one other language, Japanese, three translators having tackled this text in the 1970s. The translation, given my total ignorance of the language, of course I have not been of any help. He just took many years to translate this text in French that he took Japanese to implement it in their language.
Why this text is difficult?
First problem: It must be viewed in the context of Kraus, "go porous" - as the translator said Francoise Cartano nicely - and agree to get rid of what might be called an ideology. Kraus's discourse is not always in tune with what is known of this period usually and personalities that have marked. There is something revolutionary in the view that Kraus takes us. Figures such as Felix Salten, Austrian president of the Pen Club and creator of Bambi (taken by Disney) or Franz Werfel, and many others spend today advised people who denounced the Nazis and fled. It is the balance that has left us the story. If this image is true, it is true that a few years later. Yet Kraus wrote in 1933, when many public figures had not yet given a certificate of good conduct and not only by emigrating had deluded but had talked and acted villains, supporting evidence. Therefore, to translate correctly, agreeing to put in a new wake and see that some guidelines were not always those that history has officially accepted. This is so for Alfred Kerr (the largest theater critic at the time, was expected to know happened in her box before getting up the curtain). If it has denounced Nazism in 1928, installed in a convinced pacifist reputation has always worked for understanding among peoples, he must first win it for a trial against Kraus, who had threatened to publish his poems hawkish years 1914-1918 and had asked to repay the fees of his lectures to the widows and orphans of war. Because, for Kraus, one that is not the First World War is already pregnant with the second.
They are among the few men of letters who have always condemned the state violence and who immediately and unequivocally opposed to the rise of Nazism without first trying to profit, regardless of the victims s that are already piling up, to react only when they became victims in their turn. Kraus quote: "Some have argued against the guardianship of an intellectual life more large-scale protest insistent enough to at least cover the shame of silence scientists like Frank and Stein, Planck and Koehler stood up courageously against the hurly-burly that requires the university to be a shooting range and a antiséminaire; artists like Lieberman and Ricarda Huch opposed the mission would give guidance heroic muses. "It must be added Brecht, Einstein and Tucholsky, Kraus suggests that several times.
[....]
This focus on language is not a free game virtuoso but the means chosen by Kraus to escape the Nazi occupation and dismiss those who manipulate it for pervert and falsify the mind. This approach to the rise of Nazism is admittedly fragmentary and can not account alone for the full extent of the phenomenon but it is fundamental. When Kraus began his third night, the whole language is not contaminated, "as a nation wakes up and stands a dictatorship that now control everything except the language," and is the confrontation of a language with a language architected disjointed, a language with a healthy patient language (like Goethe could say that romance is what is sick and classicism that is healthy) that the body of this text. Language is for
Kraus instead of justice. It 's not a coincidence that its targets are the professional handling of words - most responsible for the dissemination of distorted reality: the intellectuals. Given the reactions to the release of the full Dritte Walpurgisnacht, the tradition of resistance to the truth and betrayal of the language does not seem to be losing ground among intellectuals. What gives, alas! due to Kraus, who put over all three groups responsible - or irresponsible journalists and writers, political leaders (especially those of social democracy) and the Nazi propaganda chief, 1 " Intelligent Goebbels. "
course there are also actions, and those of the Nazis to power enough to condemn this regime. "What distinguishes man, what are his actions is the aspect of his actions showing what man. There is nothing in him that his actions and that is where it shows what it is, "Hegel said to his students in his lectures on the philosophy of mind (1827-1828 ). But actions are initiated by words. It can not be any social critique without criticism of language. Every ideology, whether conscious or unconscious, has its own language, cynically manipulated by some naive or employee by others but never without consequence for the social body. Who has the political and social power that has the words, and which consolidates the power of words more about his social and political power. It is difficult to invest all the rooms in the house of language but it is easy to believe that some are closed or never existed when the group to whom you are addressing is not really curious and simply a guided tour. Kraus bases his argument on the fact that we do not read, that we simply visit certain parts, those were the most cleverly decorated to make us believe that these are the only true living spaces. If Kraus refers to nights Goethe's Walpurgis is not only to denounce the new witchcraft is being prepared, this dark chaos "promises a revival," but also because the great writers who do not use language passively, as a matter stereotyped have their way already said everything about the dangers that threaten us. Thus he meets a number of intellectuals disappointed Die Fackel contains only the sonnets of Shakespeare: "In Shakespeare, there were already all that is current, including my position. This is also the sense of Goethe quotes with which Kraus opens this new night:
Towards the feast of horror last night as often
I walk ...
many times it repeats itself!
followed closely by this:
A new emperor appeared.
And clearly marked routes,
crowd through fields and pastures;
All follow the banners flying
Who claim a lie. - Gregarious nature.
Banners lies far elements of rational discourse or artistic, the words are just as places of clarification of illusion and deception. The thing was not new when launched Kraus Die Fackel. What has changed is the magnitude of the phenomenon, which is no longer limited to a private sphere nor geographically limited. "The National Socialist thought fascinated by his ability to believe that he who once said the truth is credible for all the lies and to make the flight, she rarely did not commit, as an alibi for thousands of murders. "Some intellectuals are not content to follow the flag waving but the well Top: Benn delusional about the new type of man to journalists writing after the day of the boycott against the Jews, nothing has happened to those who were the target. While the opposition Social Democrats will not allow himself any means other than those authorized by the Constitution to stop the fascist wave, refusing to deal with off-the-law the Nazis - which have already caused their German comrades. Under these conditions, the Nazis, as skilled in the practice of violence as in the art to cover their tracks, play on velvet. "The world, which still forms of thinking, this game follows words with deeds, acts with the words, shaken, concerned, pending the outcome. If he sticks more to the words and their meaning warlike, he was told that it takes more judge his actions on the Reich; if he beckons, he quotes the speech in the Reichstag. If it evokes a contradiction, it becomes epiphenomena that can touch the heart of the revolution, which came to power legally. "Kraus is well aware of the magnitude of the task:" Do not believe it happen in a jiffy to unravel the web of this spider sophisticated cross-bearers. "Propaganda mix one thing and its opposite -" Rebirth of a Nation "... "Love of freedom "... "Defense of Germanic values" ... - Rallying around the largest number of fuzzy ideals. "This in essence will never be what it seems and to integrate all antitheses, so it acts more strongly than by denying what it denies. The reason is no longer master of the game but a sort of "magic" (the word is Kraus): group identification by emotional denial that makes it easier to exclude others - including Jews. Stigma is not so much prejudice than the desire to cling to power: to work with cowardice for not risking being called a coward by the dominant. What matter then the excluded acts which do not count since they are not judged for what they do but for who they are. Therefore Kraus attacks without hesitation to the illusions of the Jews, derision Supreme strive to be more German than the Germans in order to curry favor with the Nazis. He who hunts for his stupidity disastrous consequences, both general and particular, sees no reason to ignore the responsibility of the victims - be they Jewish, communist, or Masonic. "By spreading the idea that Jews, Marxists, cyclists as followers of relativity are the cause of all misfortunes and also the outcome of the war, has caused some disturbances in the mind. Rather than pity, Kraus made whenever the choice of irony with which he bites the most sensitive subjects. "Preventive detention": "There has perhaps never been a time that is also intensely involved in the protection of citizens, and this benevolent intention would in any case need a better understanding. "The killings against those who seek to flee:" It is not uncommon that we are witnessing a crisis of nerves, mostly among travelers who we then commits suicide. "The official lies:" We may already be simplified by assuming from the outset that it is always the opposite of what is said or thought that - even if it is not safe. But there is one subject on which Kraus never exercises its irony, is the human suffering, the broken lives in the name of ideas. After the Apocalypse in his eyes that was World War I, Kraus sees coming a new era of barbarism, as if one had learned nothing, as if the imagination had dried up. Kraus can make fun of the press and its formulaic, his false attacks and lies, he can laugh and talk strategies policies, but it is intractable when the price is measured in human lives, when complaints about the small corporatist concerns of affluent replace the denunciation of atrocities, imprisonment, torture and murder. He passes for an intellectual, haughty, outrageous a formalist, an analyst cold has never been wrong about emergencies on the hierarchy of values: "The slightest human lives, even if only an hour snatched from the most miserable of lives, is well worth a library burned. "

PIERRE Deshusses

How To Take Out Bearings From A Metal Core Wheel

Foreword in "The Last Days of Humanity" by Karl Kraus, 1919.

This drama, including representation, measured in Earth time, extend over a dozen parties, a theater is designed to Mars. Viewers of this world would not resist it. For it is made from the blood of their blood, and its content is ripped from the years unreal, unthinkable, unimaginable for an alert mind, inaccessible to memory and stored only in a bloody dream, years in which characters from the operetta played tragedy of humanity. The action exploded in hundreds of paintings opens on hundreds of hell, it is also impossible, desolate, devoid of heroes. Humor is the reproach yourself for someone who is not mad at the thought of having kept intact the brain by demonstrating that period. Only he who delivers to posterity the shame of their participation, is entitled to that humor. As for his contemporaries, who have tolerated qu'adviennent things described here, they relegate the right to laugh behind the duty to cry. The facts exposed by the most unlikely to have actually occurred, I painted what they simply did. The conversations conducted by the most unlikely were held verbatim; inventions that are most critical are quotes. Phrases whose extravagance is recorded forever in our ears become song of life. The document takes shape, the stories come alive as characters, the characters perish in the form of editorial, the Chronicle received a mouth that utters it in monologues, big words are planted on two legs - many men do have more than one. Voices burst forth, fuming over the time and swell, choir of sacrilege. People who have lived among mankind and survived it, actors and speakers of this with no flesh, but blood, no blood, but ink, are reproduced in the form of shadows and puppets and reduced to the formula of their inconsistency active. Larvae, lemurs, tragic carnival masks, are provided with living names, yet it must be so because in this temporal existence determined by chance had nothing to chance. This does not give anyone the right to regard all this as a local matter. Even what is happening on the Ring in front of Sirk is governed by a cosmic center. Anyone who has bad nerves, although relatively robust to endure the time, he withdrew from the show. Do not expect that the time allowed it to take the horror became tense for anything other than a joke, especially where it resonates in the soft depths of the most horrifying dialects, and to take what she has to live, what it comes survival, for something other than invention. An invention which it honnit content. Because greater than the shame of the war is men who do not want to know anything about: they admit it is but it was not. Those who survived have given up on her, even though the masks parade on Ash Wednesday, they will not be recalled to each other. Oh how understandable disillusionment of an era who, unable to live forever or even to imagine anything living, remains steadfast to its ultimate demise, she also feels little remorse that the effects of the action and has yet developed enough self-preservation for their ears to the recordings of his songs and heroic enough sense of sacrifice for the opportunity to sing. A new war breaks out seems inconceivable at least those for whom the slogan "What do you want, it's war! "Allowed and covered all the infamy, but for whom the mere recall" the war was "disturbing the rest of the survivors deserved. They felt conquer the world market-the purpose for which they were born - a knight in armor and have to settle for a good deal less rosy: scrap the scrap at the flea market. Go talk to them about war in this climate! And there is concern that future releases of the thigh of a present so ravaged, it does not show either a greater understanding of strength, despite a greater distance. Nevertheless, a total admission of guilt also, that belong to humanity that there will certainly be welcome in any place and useful in some time. And "as the spirits of men are still angry," deliver to the high court on
rubbish this message to Horatio who represents the revival:

And let me tell the world who do not know how all this happened
, you will learn
acts carnal, bloody, cons nature
verdicts risky, random killings,
Killings due to violence and perfidy, And
projects that failed, fall
Of those who conceived, all of this I will
The true story

Bleeding With An Outbreak

Confessions policy a young man in Tests.

I had never previously interested in politics. The politician, MP or minister, seemed like the servant who has the care, in home, trivial things of life which ensures that the dust is not too thick and that meals are prepared on time. Of course he performs these duties as bad as all the servants, but as long as it can go, we should refrain from interfering. The program of one party or the speeches of Members of Parliament they fell under my eyes, it was only would confirm the idea that this was a human activity entirely subordinate and fully worthy of our concern internally. My i if he was hiding under there an old prejudice. I do not know when I ' had acquired and what name should I give him. I liked our world. The poor suffer, and their thousand shades up a ladder that drops me to the gradient of animals. And even, in fact, lower than them, because no other animal is living in conditions as "inanimal" those that are inhumane to many people. And I liked the rich by their inability to draw from their wealth a party of interest for the soul: what they are as funny as these flying insects scintillating, seen up close, did everything for a stupid bag hairy body and all that nerves miserable sprout. And kings, in their majesty, I liked the characters as meek suffering from a slight abnormality which adapts with each blink of an eye. And I liked the religion, because we still live in the most serious in the world of Christian states, while we have long lost faith. And so on. This included not only the attitude that we take pleasure in the diversity and wonder of the world quasi-philosophical inspired by the extraordinary toughness, elasticity and resistance to any pressure of human nature, which gave that monkey without dignity sovereignty on land but also and above all, appreciation of the great internal disorder that involves the fact able to both exploit our neighbor and complain, we submit to him and not take this submission seriously, or about a murder with horror, and a thousand calmly. It seemed indeed a mess so illogical, such loosening of the ties which had been previously made certain strengths and certain ideals, should be a good ground for a great logician core values. Because this life, in its coupling of antagonistic elements, is extraordinarily bold - even if by force of cowardice and inconsistency - it remains only to show himself even more daring, but by dint lucidity. And in a period as ours, where every feeling eyeing in two directions, everything floats, where nothing is held, where nothing is associable with anything, you should pass the test once again and to reinvent the wheel its inner possibilities, finally transferring physics laboratories in the moral benefits of a experimental design without prejudice. It helps us out of the slow evolution that led, through many failures, the caveman to that of now, to enter a new era, I still believe it today. To define me in one word: I was a conservative anarchist.

The thinking has changed that may seem ridiculous. It results in a few simple words she whispered: "You yourself, in what you pursue, you're already a child of democracy and the future is accessible only through intensification and purification of democracy. "

say that all men are fundamentally equal and brothers always seemed to me, and I think even a sentimental exaggeration: my concern has always been repelled rather than attracted by that of others. But I think clear that science is a product of democracy. Not only because there the great working with the smallest and largest just above the average for the next generation. No, the decisive factor is that the democratization of society over the last two centuries has enabled a greater number of men access to joint work and that in this more - unlike the aristocratic prejudice - the choice gifted men widened. I do not underestimate the risk of grading that may contain too much scientific activity "ant" but I think the number of major achievements is in proportion to the averages, the genius, in fact, never produces the new but always Simply, the different, and what are the ways in which talent can give it to condense into works. The irresistible rise that have been taken since then, knowledge and mastery of nature can not be explained otherwise. This is pure ingratitude to constantly these achievements of the intellect the same complaint: that the soul is nothing gained, or even that spiritual things have been since then slowly waste away. Without doubt these achievements have they ruined all the joys single (including those who were in the best sense of the word), creating a climate better done in other, more complex, but this n ' was not their task to create, over the market in recent. It is ours. The scientific intelligence strict with his conscience, his lack of prejudice and his willingness to challenge each outcome in question, done in an area of interest this background that we should do in life problems.

It is nonetheless certain that the damage done to her to take as its democratic origin. It is the loss of all the benefit of its inner parts. The existence of powerful brain specialize in the souls of children. Not only judgments of scientists on problems prescientific are generally appalling, but the mathematician himself does not understand the history of civilizations, nor 's economist ' existence of a botanist. This divergence of tastes is not only the excessive complexity, so has the greatness of science. If scientists were indeed the son and the members of a cohesive society: science would become a mere exercise social, education and universal harmony of the mind that good taste would have imposed limits, education would have been ours that are physical abilities Gentiluomo from the Renaissance to modern sporting records. But it turns out that young scholars are of the most diverse society with lifestyle, requirements and hopes no less diverse, they immediately head cram in their science at the spot where they reached and then continue to lead, separated from each other and unaware of any other culture, the existence of frugal Spiritual their village of origin.

In the field of art, we find the same gains and the same penalties. What have we in fact, in today's art, I wonder, more precious than to feel this freedom that we must stay the liberalization of moral principles and rules of taste thus, ultimately, there also, many? She gives us the extraordinary mobility of views whereby we recognize the good in evil as ugly as beautiful, dissolve the rigid assessments that we have been transmitted and recompose elements from their new artistic figures of our imagination or entity. But it's the same reason that prevents us from imposing these really works, hence the artistic peculiarities, multiplication powerless chapels, Spiralling revolutions and innovations that engage the arts, since that 'Public does not moderates. Hence the suspicion with which we welcome anything new as the work of a madman, and finally, to say the least, the overall persistence of this absurd and fallacious need of redemption through art, a return to simplicity where we could Homeric good Once we find all united in the abolition of our differences. It is nevertheless no doubt in my mind that we will never sacrifice the benefits acquired and that we can overcome prejudice. And we will win, if we are not afraid to push even further the current trend.

That is - sketched - my thoughts. And my conviction, therefore, agree to act in a sense that my feelings will not hear. I indulge in theoretical studies that are preparatory to help me implement my decision. I am looking for an economic program that ensures the realization of a pure democracy, inspiring, capable of lifting even larger masses. Meanwhile, of course, I would vote Social Democrat or liberal depending on the circumstances, but it is clear that we need something that takes us away from the flatness of the current parties and that such ideas, we need a economic program as a decree. And I ask these naive questions: who Cirera my shoes, who was carrying my excrement, that crawl to me at night in the mines? My "brother people"? Who will perform the correct actions whose implementation requires that we spend all his life to the same machine to do the same thing? I can imagine many things today that were despised and yet their magic, since they are doing voluntarily. But who wants to take over all other work which alone can compel the misery? With that, I want some. trips more comfortable today and a letter faster. I want better judges, better housing. I want to eat better. I do not have to get angry against the officer on the corner. What! me, man, what am the inhabitant of this earth, I could not get this my home comforts a little better than its poor current comfort? !

Meanwhile, we are in politics because we know nothing. How we do it shows enough. Our parties owe their existence to the fear of theories. At any idea, thinking with horror the voter can still oppose another. Therefore the parties protect each other against the two or three ideas they have inherited. They do not live what they promise, but promises to denigrate others. Here is their community of interest implied. This mutual obstruction which allows only small practical results, that's what they called realpolitik. None of them really knows where, to obey the Agrarians, the requirements of big industry or of social democracy could lead. They do not do politics, they want to represent classes and make sure the ear of the government for claims limited. I never would have no objection if, at the same time, they left the politics to others, but no! they will keep up, and blending them with immediate economic benefits of ideologies as devalued as Christianity, the royalist, the liberalism and social democracy. And do not ever put into practice, they lend them a semblance of meaning and holiness which is, moreover, a sin against the spirit.

I believe none of their economic program is feasible and it should not even consider in a single amendment. They will die at the first squall with all the manure that accumulated on a land still sheltered from the wind, they will be reduced to questions posed evil which we can no longer respond yes or no, the first burst of desire that will shake the world. Without having proof, I know many people who share my expectations.

For now, the weather is still calm, we're here as in a glass cage without daring to risk the slightest shock, fear that not everything is flying apart at once. We are stuck with the best of ourselves: our art, our findings in the net of finance ... yes, we love money as a kind of god, chance, an organ irresponsible decision. Believe we really have no social organization can encourage the good artists and crowd out bad? To recognize such invention, Such an idea, a value that appears only in later years? Basically, we firmly believe that the state is a complete idiot. The money is also not distributed according to justice, but it is at least according to chance and luck - and it's not the despair that would set an omnipotent state.

So are the days of depression. An hour ago, I visited Rome, an asylum, and then I walked into a church. For this connection did not look like a pick, I say from the outset: everything I saw there reminded me our situation. At seven, the doctor, myself and five great keepers, we toured the neighborhood shaken. In a particular cell, naked, raging, we had already heard shouting from afar. Blond, muscular, his beard full of drool thick. It was always the same movement, a semicircular motion of the torso with a spasm of the muscles and always the same gesture with one hand as if to explain something to someone. And he shouted something that no one understood, always the same. For him it was probably something important he needed to hear, press with a hammer in the ear the world, for us it was a cry crushed shapeless. Whereupon I found myself listening to the song of French nuns. A small voice rose, hesitating, no one knew if she was young or old, and the voices of the sisters joined the warmed in the cold uncertainty of the cosmos. However, two steps ahead of me, a man sang too smug, and demolished everything. Was one of those old people who can not control , three times a day, an urgent need to pray, and that the God of the Catholics is supposed to love so much. Any side old peasant girl, badly ventilated, Catholicism, assaulted me as the scent of musty. So nasty detours are they required to reach this moment of song? The detours are necessary? The jerks, spasms, absence or change of plan? Is it absurd to choose only one party, open only one way? All n ' happens to any one, anytime, incidentally? And never by the fact of consciousness and a willingness straight? I thought to Giardino Zoologico, not far from the church seemed to me all the same. An animal will come here and relentlessly back and forth. Trapped without bars. I saw it yesterday. The man is not he, too, an animal threw the cosmos in this cage? Trapped without bars? Who comes and goes? Who do not understand why he can not get out? I answer without sentimentality, coldly: yes. However, this find literary bothers me. Like the old me again to judge all things vain. I beat a retreat. But will I ever!

Robert Musil, November 1913